To What Extent Do You Think Aristophanes free essay sample

Through the character of Xanthias, Aristophanes claims that he does not â€Å"intend to make mincemeat of Cleon this time†. As this is during the opening of the play, the audience may assume that â€Å"Wasps† is not a serious critique of political matters at this time, however many relations of Cleon are named which does suggest a political target of importance. Aristophanes can be seen to seriously criticise Cleon during the debate between Bdelycleon and Philocleon. A distinct contrast of personalities and views is portrayed through these characters from the first introduction of said characters, as â€Å"Bdely†, meaning hate, or puke, suggests a hatred of Cleon due to the use of â€Å"Cleon† as a suffix, and â€Å"Philo† meaning love, suggests a fond admiration of the archon. It is this difference in opinions which divides the father and son and causes the debate. Through the character of Bdelycleon, Aristophanes insists that Cleon takes advantage of the jurymen, paying them less than ten per cent of the national income of which they produce. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Do You Think Aristophanes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is suggested that the people elected to rule over the state receive all of the benefits whilst the jurymen, who work for the state, receive merely the leftovers. It is also suggested that Cleon encourages the jurymen and more trials to take place in order to raise funds and gain more money, not for the sake of justice. Further critiques of Cleon are shown through Sosias’ dream. These critiques, however, appear more light-hearted and mere immature digs at the physical appearance of the archon as â€Å"a rapacious-looking creature with the figure of a whale† depicts Cleon speaking to the Athenian citizens. It could also be argued that this is a clear critique of the relationship between Cleon and the people. This is because the people are portrayed as the sheep in Sosias’ dream, who just follow one another under the leadership of Cleon, all wearing the same little cloaks and all listening intently to the speaker before them, producing a more serious critique than mere name-calling. Xanthias’ response appears to be a more personal attack of Cleon rather than the Athenian citizens who follow him under his reign.Xanthias response of that dream â€Å"stinks of a tanner’s yard† is a direct insult of Cleon as he was born and raised in a tanner’s family, but this not only insults Cleon, but also directly enforces the impression that the whale speaking to the sheep â€Å"with a voice like a scalded sow† is a representation of Cleon. Similar to this, the representation of Cleon is also shown during the faux trial in the courtyard of Philocleon and Bdely cleon’s home. Clear links are portrayed in rder to represent Cleon as the prosecuting dog in the trial. The â€Å"Dog of Cydathenaeum† is an obvious link to Cleon which the audience would recognise as Cydathenaeum is the deme of which Cleon belongs. The defendant, Labes of Aexone, presents similarities to Laches, who faced accusations from Cleon for misappropriation of public funds while in Sicily. Aristophanes even goes as far to include Sicilian cheese in the play, which is supposedly what the dog Labes, meaning ‘snatcher’, had stolen.Laches had belonged to the deme of Aexone, so this trial posed many recognisable associations which the audience would comprehend as distinct references to Cleon. The faux trial seems like a pointless and frivolous affair, as stealing cheese could be seen as a minor crime and by portraying Cleon as a dog accusing another dog on immoral grounds of a trivial crime, Cleon could be seen to be criticised. The law courts too, face criticism from Aristophanes in ‘Wasps’.Aristophanes portrays the jurymen as being less concerned with justice but only concerned in the pay of three obols, and anything else they can get out of the job through bribes, such as the offer of the defend ants daughter for sexual favours or the pleasure the jurymen may have found in a nude boy. It is evident that the jurymen also enjoy enforcing the law as they please and causing harm through the power they believe they have by deciding the fate of any defendant who crosses their path. Yet, even though these jurymen are obsessed with securing the conviction they are easily fooled by demagogues such as Cleon, and therefore manipulated into being taking advantage of and ordered around for a mere three obols. On the other hand, Aristophanes appears to display the law courts in a much more comedic sense to show the foolish structure of the system in its entirety. By creating a parody of the trial procedure Aristophanes appears to present the trials as an act which could be set up anywhere, which gives the impression of a masquerade or show, rather than a system of justice.Much like previous works of Aristophanes, ‘Wasps’ presents usual, everyday serious matters into ludicrous and trivial affairs, not to be taken seriously. The main comedic element of the law courts has to be the jurymen, presented as an exaggerated caricature of a vicious yet moronic swarm of wasps. It is this caricature which prevents the law courts being taken seriously in the play, as t he jurymen would often be older men with a stern mind, as â€Å"it takes a clever speaker to convert a hostile jury†. The comical image of the jurymen all ressed as wasps, prancing around the stage singing in chorus creates an extremely comical effect, sure to make the audience of the play laugh. By presenting the jurymen in such a manner Aristophanes is successful in making his audience laugh, but I think at the same time he displays the jurymen as idiots and people who cannot be taken seriously as they are easily influenced and he presents them as a mockery to the justice system by presenting them in a costume with stings in their rears as a visual representation of the pain they inflict.Moreover, the character of Philocleon is an individual member of the swarm of wasps who also makes the audience laugh. The roles of the father and son appear to be reversed as Bdelycleon will go to extreme lengths to contain his father in the house for his well-being. The use of methods to do so create a comical atmosphere as the absurdity of covering the entire house with a net seems surreal.This absurdity is also presented through Philocleon as he will also go to extreme lengths to escape in order to go to the court, as he is a ‘trialophile’, meaning he loves to sit in the c ourt as a member of the jury and decide the fate of the defendants. The actions of Philocleon present him to the audience as slightly crazy, and by clinging to the stomach of a donkey and pretending to be smoke blowing up the chimney he is clearly desperate to escape the netted house.It also becomes apparent that even when removed from the law courts and trials he is still nothing short of a nuisance to his son, Bdelycleon. As Bdelycleon attempts to morph his father into a socialite, the impression is given that it is not only Philocleon and the jurymen who are corrupt in some way, but also Bdelycleon. This is because he criticises Cleon as greedy and insists he takes advantage of the jurymen, yet he is still insistent that the best thing for his father is for him to associate with the likes of Cleon in order for the family to move up in the social ladder.By doing to Aristophanes gives the impression that although Bdelycleon sees it as wrong for Cleon to treat his father as a juryman in such a manner, when him and his family are on the opposite end of the social ladder and are not affected by this corruption, he simply does not care. Aristophanes also touches on the social comment of the time, as Philocleon undergoes a complete role reversal from a vicious juryman to an anarchic, violent drunk. However, in both attitudes of the character, he still presents problems for his son, which creates a comical effect as it is nusual for the son to have to restrain his father. The drunk and sex-crazed behaviour is also odd behaviour for a senior citizen and it is much unexpected that an elderly member of the state would attempt to run off with a flute girl and then pretend that the girl is a sacrificial torch from the marketplace, or cause physical harm to other citizens. Aristophanes also plays on the paranoia of the richer citizens as he presents the slaves drinking and falling asleep instead of carrying out the task or job that they have been given sufficiently. This could be seen as a serious issue as the audience may panic about what their own slaves could be doing at that moment while they were out, but by including jokes during the slaves’ conversation, about members of the audience such as Cleomenes, Aristophanes ensures a flippant manner is presented, which would also make the audience laugh. During the Parabasis of the chorus, Aristophanes appears fairly arrogant. This is because he is insistent that the audience will never witness humour or comedy as excellent as his plays.He criticises the audience for not appreciating his previous work, which could be taken as a serious note because the audience would not find such humour in being told â€Å"the author has a bone to pick with you† as they did not lavish him with the praise which he believed his work deserved. Aristophanes not only criticises the audience during this Parabasis but also criticises Cleon, in a more serious sense than previously in the play as this is dur ing the Parabasis which is a less comical and more serious interval in the humour of the ‘Wasps’.Aristophanes reminds the audience he had previously taken â€Å"on the greatest monster in the land†, which indicates he believes Cleon is the worst political individual in the state of Athens. He then indulges in further name-calling such as â€Å"jagged-toothed monster† with a heinous stench. This demonstrates a clear critique of Cleon in what could possibly have been a humorous manner, although I would argue that given the presentation of a serious criticism of the audience, this would be a less than light-hearted attack of Cleon as.

Race Discrimination in the USA

Race Discrimination in the USA Introduction Racism is the belief that a certain group is superior to another on the basis of their genetic makeup. Racial discrimination, which is a manifestation of racism, is still rife in modern America. It was blatant and open in the past, and was manifested as mistreatment between two individuals.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Race Discrimination in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, racial discrimination has now become less obvious; the phenomenon is now an institutional ideology that the government, the judiciary, and resource owners perpetuate. Patterns of racisms in the past and present Racial discrimination started as early as the 1500s when American settlers massacred, forcefully displaced and mistreated Native Americans. Throughout this century and the next one, racism was an unconcealed phenomenon. The institution of slavery was born in the 16th Century, and it was one of the most disconcerting manifestations of the practice. Instigators of racial violence regarded their victims as savages. Economic needs (cheap labor) and superiority complexes led to a thriving slave industry. One only has to read parts of the constitution during the 18th century to prove that these sentiments were almost unanimous. States created a three-fifth clause in which slaves would be counted as three-fifth of a person. Discrimination, at the time, was manifested in the form of abuse of basic human rights. People were treated at properties with no political, economic and social liberties. However, this changed in the 1860s when President Lincoln abolished slavery. In the Fourteenth amendment of the 1868 constitution, African Americans gained full American citizenship.1 Regardless of legislative changes on slavery, the late nineteenth century and early 20th century were still characterized by open cases of discrimination. Although there was no state-sponsored institution (slavery) to support open mistreatment of minorities, race relations were far from cordial. Colored persons could not access several social amenities, such as, local stores, restaurants, or motels. Furthermore, there were separate school systems and public transportation systems for blacks. During the first half of the twentieth century, racial discrimination took the form of segregation. This originated for a ‘separate-but-equal’ law that was passed in an 1892 civil rights case known as Plessy V Ferguson. Plessy sat on a white-only section of a rail car thus causing the state to arrest him.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Supreme Court decided that public institutions could separate the people of different races so long as they provided services of equal quality. Blacks could not vote and engage meaningfully in economic activities during the first part of the 20th Century. The law allowed them to do so, but many of them were intimidated by radical racist groups. Additionally, some southern states required voters to pass literacy test or pay poll taxes before voting. While the slavery era was a more violent manifestation of racism, the early 1900s were characterized by state-supported acts of discrimination. The latter phenomenon stemmed from the separation of blacks and white in the 20th century; conversely, discrimination occurred in the slavery era by the complete elimination of human rights among African Americans.2 Patterns of racial discrimination were manifested in yet another form in the middle of the twentieth century. This was a time when racial consciousness took on a national dimension. The Civil rights movement was born in the 1950s and 1960s with the aid of prominent African American leaders, such as, Martin Luther King. Protests against racism led to strong reactions from upholders of the status quo. Some of them lynched b lacked or attacked them during anti-racism campaigns. Furthermore, groups that perpetuated the notion of white supremacy flourished at the time. In sit-ins organized by black, non-violent protestors, racists would burn them with cigarettes and carry out other distasteful acts. This was a dark period in the history of anti-discrimination because extremists unleashed their true colors. Nonetheless, it was these open confrontations that brought the issue of racism to a national audience.3 The phenomenon was no longer seen as a southern problem. Sentiments against open discrimination of blacks rose to enormous proportions. Schools became desegregated, starting from 1954, and President Kennedy oversaw enactment of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. At this time, the separate-but-equal Jim Crow laws were no longer lawful. Housing, education, or employment representatives could no longer deny black people opportunities solely because of their race.Advertising We will write a custom term pa per sample on Race Discrimination in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These accomplishments were enormous and crucial to the reduction of unconcealed racial discrimination in the country. However, poverty, educational inequalities, and unemployment were still widespread in the African American community. It is during this era that institutional racial discrimination arose and persisted to date. American citizens have made significant strides in minimizing racial discrimination. This is evident in equal employment opportunities in various workplaces or social institutions. Furthermore, many African Americans now hold influential positions in society, including the presidency. The media now represents and incorporates many colored persons in their programs. These attempts at racial political correctness are quite laudable, but they do not change the invisible barriers that keep racial minorities disadvantaged. A new form of racial disc rimination, which has dire consequences on the progress of racial minorities in the US, exists now. The criminal justice system is one of the principal manifestations of institutional racial discrimination as blacks are overly represented in prisons. Some skeptics claim that blacks commit more crimes so they deserve to go to jail. However, when one analyses the number of convicts who are penalized for drug-related charges, one realizes that African Americans are the majority. Statistics indicate that drug use levels are almost equal across all races. Consequently, the nature of incarcerations should reflect this diversity in use. Certain criminal justice policies have discriminatory outcomes because they lead to higher convictions among blacks. For instance, crack, which is a common drug in the African American community, leads to higher sentence lengths than pure cocaine, which is predominantly used by white communities. Such laws make it difficult for blacks to find work as they h ave a higher representation of ex-convicts than their white counterparts4. Problems of racial profiling represent another area of discrimination against African American citizens. Studies indicate that, African Americans are five times more likely than whites to be stopped by law enforcers during a traffic search.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, several African Americans have been arrested or fallen victim to extrajudicial killings merely because of the color of their skin. A recent case was that of Travoyn Martin, who was shot by a white, community-policing citizen because he looked suspicious. When the assailant was asked why he thought Travoyn looked suspicious, he had no tangible proof to support his claim. The only issue that made the shooter take notice was Martin’s race. Unemployment is a big problem in the African American community, and this arguably stems from racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Act prohibited many individuals from mistreating blacks, but it did not address the root cause of African American disenfranchisement. 5Systematic lack of the skills and opportunities to participate in employment has caused many blacks to become economically disempowered. Additionally, hidden forms of segregation exist at workplaces since equally-qualified blacks find it more difficult than whites to find jobs. Other areas such as housing still testify to this problem today. Property owners in certain up market neighborhoods may turn down potential tenants if they are colored. Negative portrayals of ethnic minorities in the media continue to perpetuate unconstructive stereotypes about the community. This explains why most of them receive harsher sentences than members of the dominant race. News reporters prefer to show restrained suspects when the offenders are black. Further, many Hollywood movies tend to give black characters criminal roles. These images create a negative perception of the group and thus predispose them to longer sentences in court. Conclusion Racial discrimination started as soon as white settlers entered the Americas, but became rampant when slavery began. In the nineteenth century, discrimination was open, brutal and permitted by law. This changed in the twentieth century after the abolition of slavery. At the time, segregation was the new form of discri mination. It was supported by the law and disempowered racial minorities. After the Civil Rights Act, blacks were granted equal rights by law. However, covert discrimination continued to take place through institutional racism. Racial minorities still experience racism today, albeit in a less-individualized manner. In modern times, racial profiling, negative depictions in the media, discriminatory sentencing and economic disenfranchisement are still harsh realities for racial minorities. Reference List Abdollah, T, ‘At 114, a Daughter of Former Slaves Votes for Obama’, Los Angeles Times, 5 November 2008, p. 3 Bacon, N, The World Book Encyclopedia, World Book, New York, 1992. Henry, P D Sears, Race and politics: the theory of symbolic racism, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2002. Sethi, R R Somanathan, ‘Inequality and segregation’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 19, no. 1, 2004, pp. 402 Takaki, R, A different mirror: A history of multicult ural America, Little, Brown Co., New York, 1993. Footnotes 1 N Bacon, The World Book Encyclopedia, World Book, New York, 1992. 2 R Takaki, A different mirror: A history of multicultural America, Little, Brown Co., New York, 1993. 3 R Sethi R Somanathan, ‘Inequality and segregation’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 19, no. 1, 2004, pp. 402 4 P Henry D Sears, Race and politics: the theory of symbolic racism, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2002. 5 T Abdollah, ‘At 114, a Daughter of Former Slaves Votes for Obama’, Los Angeles Times, 5 November 2008, p. 3